Womanist Theology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Womanist Theology - Research Paper Example Many theological stories associate African American women with motherhood. Black women had a strong bond with their children and existed in Africa before their movement to America as slaves. Fathers could not assume their responsibility mainly due to reasons emanating from slavery in plantations or studs. As such, black women had to nature their children on their own due to slavery. In other parts of Africa, black women earned their living through working as market women whereas in the America slave mothers worked in plantations and if they were city slaves, worked in other capacities as hired slaves. This paper will discuss womanist theology basing its argument from theologian Delores Williams, the writer of The Sisters of the Wilderness. According to Delores Williams, a host of alien political and social forces controlled the black woman and shaped her present life. During slavery times, Anglo American family and social demands controlled her life and thus in the course of her life , she found herself falling victim of cultural redefinitions and black male female crises as well as role exploitation. These crises affected the black woman’s well being seriously and as s result; the new world of slavery in America adjusted her to meet the American institutional needs during those times. Theological studies based on literary history reveals the role of African American women as vital in development of community since the time of antebellum in North America throughout today. Black women used religion to console themselves upon encountering emotional, psychological, spiritual exploitations from the white world and even some black community members. Black mothers used to serve as mammies in the white families back in slavery times however later, religion redeemed their role and reinstituted and made them important denominational mothers of the church. In this context, black African American women used to serve as powerful and figurative mothers of the church. Many slave narratives describe black African American mothers as burdened by bondage system between them and their children. However, of the hundred and thirty spiritual songs available in the Ballanta Taylor collection describe black mothers as helpful women, caring mothers, and nurtures filled with maturity. As opposed to spiritual songs, slave narratives projected the relationship between slave owners and black women as exploitative and negatively affected their well-being. Just as slave narrative narrated by Linda Brent, describe the relationship between the wife slave owner and the black mother as exploitative as the latter jargons avid her nurturing and mothering roles. Black or slave mothers manifested apparent and great strengths in not only nurturing and mothering their young ones; they also manifested their strength in their ability to endure as well as emerge victorious over suffering and pain that accompanied their hard roles. This endurance and later emergency of victor y related directly to slave mothers in depth dependence on God. This argument is evident spiritual lines of songs in religious faith revealed in both slave narratives and religious songs. In other instances within the story, mothers depended on religion on rearing their children. A particular slave named Sojourner Truth in the excerpt describes her mother as using religious ritual to bring up him. She always prayed to God to protect her and her son from the oppression of slavery. With that respect, it is evident that slave mothers who were black African American women used religion as a means of survival by asking God to take care of both themselves and their children. Strength among slave mothers is also evident in other tasks that she performed such as providing for,

International trade Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International trade - Term Paper Example In precise, changing trends of international trade has further been quite notably affecting global relationship patterns between nations in the political, social as well as economic aspects. Fundamentally, the international trade patterns also influence the global economic structure by means of demand and supply functions of various commodities. In precise, international trade is also defined as the process of exchanging capital through trading with products and services across the overseas countries (Grimwade 3). Emphasizing the modern trend in the international trade, the report intends to demonstrate a preliminary analysis regarding the influence of international trade relations amid United Kingdom (UK) and Canada during the post economic recession of 2009-2011. In this regard, the report would focus on critically assessing the import and export trade practices associated by companies from these two nations, to further note the impact of international trade on Canada. 2. ... tion to the trade practices over the current years, it can be viewed that UK is the second-biggest recipient along with third imperative source of Canada. During this period, the trade practice of Canada with the UK was significantly valued US$86.8 billion concerning the country’s different inward and outward trade activities. Moreover, the direct trade investment of Canada with the UK can also be apparently noted as 7.3% of annual growth rate during the years 2007-2012 (Tremblay 2). With respect to its trade relation with Canada, the UK can be considered as one of the largest and prominent trade partners for the Canadian corporations in comparison to other different overseas countries. However, the country had also faced significant challenges due to the various influencing factors including trade regulations, economic instability along with barriers in the deregulatory guidelines that had ultimately lessened the potentialities of Canada while performing trade with the UK. In this concern, the country has faced a decline of 7% in export trade activities with the UK. Correspondingly, the annual import activities of Canada with the UK had also fallen by 16% as compared to the year 2008 (Holden 2). 3. Characterising of the Trade between Canada and UK In relation to the increasing competition in the global trade environment, the outward and inward investment portfolios significantly define the continuous development of the Canadian trade with the global countries. According to the recent statistical scenario, it has been witnessed that the country has been experiencing a rapid growth in terms of annual direct investment (inward and outward) as compared to the other global nations (Zhou 49). Canada’s major global trading partners in terms of export and import practices

How To Prevent Juvenile Delinquency Criminology Essay

How To Prevent Juvenile Delinquency Criminology Essay There is a saying that history often repeats itself. If this is a true saying, then society will have to deal with the complex issue of juveniles delinquents, who may eventually become adult criminals, as societies in time past dealt with the same conflict. Moreover, if this saying is true then the community in which juvenile delinquencies exist must have the tools necessary to divert the youth from crime. If one is to convert delinquent youths behavior, they need to be able to variegate the justice system in order to prevent juvenile delinquent recidivisms. Furthermore, understanding the cause of juvenile delinquency is an important key in its prevention. In order to understand the cause of juvenile delinquency, the history of the juvenile justice and varies approach to prevent it need to be examined. The history of the juvenile justice in the United States began during the colonial period. Before it inception the family was the main origin of social control of the youth (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.5). However, In the 1800s, the state seeing growth of developing cites and the effect it was having on the young population, they felt the need to develop a system to control the youth (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.6). Therefore, the Juvenile Justice system was developed by the government because of the changing demographics in cities. As a result, the government was now actively practicing the concept of parens patriae thru the court. Moreover, the juvenile justice reformers sought to make a change to the objectives of the juvenile justice system, including the rights of youth. In earlier years, child offenders above the age of seven were treated and incarcerated like adult offenders (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.5). The treatment of youths had created distaste among the reformers towards jail terms for juveniles; they desired a system to be more compliance with the due process of law. Furthermore, the reformer was seeking to convert from what they saw as inhumane treatment of the juvenile therefore, facility such as the house of refuge was started. The earliest Reformatory Refuge was built in 1825 and was called the New York Hoses of Refuge (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.9). It was not until 1890s when the Progressive Era commenced in the US that individual states started setting up rehabilitating centers (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.10). There was a feeling during the progressive era stating that the justice system should take the responsibility to recover the lives of young offenders before they were absorbed into criminal activities. The parenting responsibility was been exerted by states to give juveniles an opportunity to return to their former condition. By 1967, most of the cases of juvenile delinquency were tried in juvenile courts. This meant Persons under the age of 18 were tried in juvenile courts. This was due to the ruling by the Supreme Court that it was necessary for the juvenile courts to use the due process of law. The approach after the decision was to encourage the states to develop plans that would discourage juvenile delinquency. In this context the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act 1968 were passed. The Act was later strengthen by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. In this effort, the (OJJDP) established The Runaway Youth Program and The National Institute for Juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention. The Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act 1968 law was later replaced by The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act 1974. However, the movement received a setback when there was an increase in juvenile crimes during 1980s and 1990s. The first stakeholder is the youth that commits crime. He has all the rights that are promised to adults under the constitution. It is necessary to understand that legally a youth should have more rights than an adult has. The same justice system cannot be used for youths. Other stakeholders are the parents. The parents have the primary responsibility for ensuring that their wards do not commit crimes. The government whether state, federal, or local, are also stakeholders, which have the dual responsibility of protecting the community as well as rehabilitating the juvenile. The Finally stakeholders is the community. The community interest in fighting juveniles recidivism is beneficial to the safe of the community. Therefore, community safety is an understandable reason to start community-based program. Moreover, studies have shown that many community -based correctional programs reduce recidivism and are less expensive than confinement (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.210). Communities felt that strong action is was necessary to prevent juvenile offenders as a deterrent. Some advocates believed childhood intervention programs were having an impact on future juvenile delinquency and criminality rates (Zigler, Edward, Taussig. 1992)  Ã‚   (3.A complete description of issue addressed.) The issues involved juvenile delinquency includes juvenile placement in criminal procedure. The issue deal the treated of juvenile who commit crimes like adults. The problem is whether the crime juvenile commit dictate that they should the type punishment as their adult counterpart. The courts often are face with the decision when a juvenile commit what is other wise considered an adult crime (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p. 155). Another issue of juvenile delinquency is the severity of the offense the juvenile commit. Status offenses are behavior committed by juvenile that they can be arrested. Such as truancy, drinking, runaways, and general ungovernability, how can these stop status offenses. This issue led to the question; to what extent can the parents be held responsible for supervision of children? Moreover, if the parents cannot be maintain their children what are the local resources available at them? Other issues of discussion are the subject of juvenile drug use. Moreover, what is been done to eliminate this problem. On the other hand, the existence of after-school recreational activities or sport can reduce juvenile delinquency by a great extent. This type deterrent once again would require parents involvement. On the other hand, if peer pressure is applied by juvenile delinquency, the parent needs to be alert to such problems and must seek intervention early on to be more effective (Welsh Farrington, 2007, p. 871). (4 A detailed analysis of possible strategies and intervention designed to stop juvenile delinquency) Parental guidance and good home life are the best overall approach to stop juvenile delinquency. However, in today modern society parents are not always capable of providing the necessary guidance to their children. Therefore, there need to be other possible strategies and interventions designed to stop juvenile delinquency. In that context, there are strategies and interventions that have been developed to assist parents in the venture. First all offense regardless of the severity should be dealt with expeditiously. Furthermore, the parent should adopt the three point strategy of supervision, prevention of drugs and introduce activities to the children (Koffman, Ray,  Berg,  Covington,  Albarran,  Ã‚  Vasquez,  et al. 2003). Maury Nation and other devised programs to disseminate effective prevention strategies. Their programs took information from other programs to develop a better program. In their research, they found that effective programs included teaching, positive role model and informed planning and implementation of problem-specific prevention interventions programs (Nation,  Crusto, Wandersman, Kumpfer,  Ã‚  et al., 2003, pp. 449-456). 3. If there is any doubt an advocacy group should be contacted at the earliest (5. A comprehensive list and weighing of alternatives, both pro and cons, to the stop juvenile delinquency.) The alternative that Every minor offense including truancy should be treated quickly and seriously by the parents and school attendance should be given the greatest importance has the pro that juvenile delinquency can be stopped at the incipient stage and school can play an important part in preventing juvenile delinquency. The con is that often parents are not aware of truancy and come to know of it when it is too late. The alternative that parents should use the three-point strategy of supervision, prevention of drugs and introduce activities to the children had the pro that its implementation can surely stop juvenile delinquency. In addition, it is a multi-pronged strategy, which has worked well. Furthermore, it contributes to the holistic development of children. The first cons are that parents that hold jobs which make it difficult to supervise and therefore, cannot implement this strategy. The second con is the fact that parents who need training is required to implement this strategy. The alternative of If there is any doubt an advocacy group should be contacted at the earliest has the pro that advocacy group can provide expert guidance to the parents. Further, the advocacy group can devise strategies for particular youth. The con is that in most cases the advocacy group is contacted after serious crimes are committed or the case becomes difficult. For instance, advocacy groups are contacted after the child is addicted to drugs. (6. a prediction for how juveniles justice prevention and intervention strategies will be handled over at least the next two decades) Over the next two decades education and community involvement should be major strategies in order to help prevent juvenile delinquency. In the arena of education if a child is exposing to education at an earlier age and given a robust foundation in learning, the youth have a chance to endure. For example, if organizations such as the PTA will take a proactive role in the intervention of trouble kids at a young age this will be helpful. This is a venue where the parents and educator both are able to contribute to the child development. In addition, future prevention and intervention in the juvenile justice will depend on those actually involved in the juvenile justice system. If probation officers and youth detention centers do not take an actually role in future intervention of juvenile delinquency any other strategies will not be successful. Probation and correction will need to look for ways to encourage the juvenile to find alternative means of using their energy. Furthermore, the government will have to provide more funds to the juvenile justice system. With more funds, the juvenile justice system will be able to find qualified employees. In addition, the juvenile justice system, especially the correctional agencies, must provide guidelines to help the juveniles develop. When juvenile are committed to juvenile detention the focus needs to be centered on educational development and alternative activity instead of the gang activity. The detention center of the future will need to be more conductive to a juvenile community surrounding. For example, detention center should offer schools, medical clinics, and recreation facilities so that youth will not have cultural shock. Technology should play an important role in probation as an alternative to detention as well. Monitoring devices such as GPS ankle bracelet should be use more in the future. However, the finally part of the equation in intervention is the youth. If all the fore mention action are taken, and the youth fail to participate the process will be voided. Therefore, the primary contact of the youth, the family will need to undergo training when a problem arises. Parents are sometime overwhelmed with parenting duties and working at the same time and need to learn how to manage their time to be more effective. Some parents do not have the necessary parenting skills to raise their children; therefore, parenting classes should be available to assist them. In conclusion, society will have to deal with the complex burden of juveniles delinquent, who may eventually become adult criminals. Moreover, the community in which juvenile delinquencies exist must have the tool necessary to divert the youth from crime. In order to change delinquent the juvenile need the juvenile justice system itself need to change policy and procedure to prevent juvenile delinquent recidivisms. Furthermore, an honest effort need to be made to understanding the cause of juvenile delinquency is an important key in its prevention. The families, communities and the government must be willing to work together for the greater good of the juvenile. Therefore, understanding the cause of juvenile delinquency and the history of the juvenile justice will be an important part of the success of preventing juvenile delinquency. When studying the history of the juvenile justice in the United States, need to be focus on the core issue of delinquency, the juvenile. Speaking from a personal point of view, I believe rehabilitation instead of confinement is the best form of correction. However, I do realizes that not all juvenile offend will conform to the rule set forward by the courts and probation agencies. Therefore, when the juvenile are place in detention centers they should be afforded the service to help them prevent a life of crime.

Hatchet :: essays research papers

Hatchet Author: Gary Paulson Main Theme: The story Hatchet’s theme is determination, perseverance and survival. Brian Robeson, whose parents are divorced, flies to visit his father in Canadian wilderness. His pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian managed to land the plane in a lake, and escape unharmed. Now comes the hard part, surviving in the wilderness until rescued. He does have one tool to help him, a hatchet that his mother had given him as a gift. He will have to use it, his own determination, imagination, perseverance and common sense to survive. Plot Summary: This flight to see his father in the Canadian wilderness is Brains first time in an airplane. He explains this to the pilot and tells him that he is scared. The pilot feels sorry for Brian and decides to show him that flying is not very difficult. He lets Brian take the steering control and direct the line of flight for a while. Just when Brian thinks that everything is going well, the pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian knows he must land the plane himself or die. He tries to use the radio without success. He knows that if he hits the trees, he can die, so he decides to land in the water of a lake. When the plane is in the water, he gets out through a window. He lay on the bank of the lake for a while to rest. Brian knew he needed food and shelter to survive so he set out to find both. He was very careful not to get lost or go too far from the lake where his water was. He found a cherry tree and because he was very hungry, he ate his fill. He filled his windbreake r with cherries to eat later and then managed to find a cave for shelter. He slept very well, but in the morning when he awoke, he saw a bear in the cave. He was terrified, because the bear was only about 20 feet away eating his cherries out of his windbreaker. The bear only looked at Brian and then left. The cherries must have been enough to curb his appetite! The discovery of how to make a fire was very important to Brains survival. He needed to have one at the mouth of the cave to protect him from wild animals, and to signal for help.

Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Essay

This article argues that the first domestic institution in human history was not the family but the matrilineal clan. Engels here follows Lewis H. Morgan’s thesis as outlined in his major book, Ancient Society. Morgan was an American business lawyer who championed the land rights of Native Americans and became adopted as an honorary member of the Seneca Iroquois tribe. Traditionally, the Iroquois had lived in communal longhouses based on matrilineal descent and matrilocal residence, an arrangement giving women much solidarity and power. When nonhuman primate society and earliest human society, identifying sexual competition and the â€Å"jealousy of the male† as the vital issue that needed to be overcome to allow the emergence of the oldest form of family involving â€Å"group marriage†. Primitive communism was based in the matrilineal clan where women lived with their classificatory sisters – applying the principle that â€Å"my sister’s child is my child†. This kinship solidarity empowered women to take action against uncooperative males. Engels identified the â€Å"world historic defeat of the female sex† – the switch from what he called â€Å"mother-right† to â€Å"father-right† – with the onset of farming and pastoralism. This shift from matrilocality to patrilocality manifested itself in men’s increased control in the home. Engels wrote: â€Å"The man took command in the home also.† The book begins with an extensive discussion of Ancient Society which describes the major stages of human development as commonly understood in Engels’ time. In contrast to other contemporary essays on the subject, Engels emphasizes the importance not of primitive psychological development but rather of soc ial relations of power and control over material resources, sometimes related to the development of new technologies. Morgan, whose account of prehistory Engels largely accepts as given, focuses primarily on the first two stages  of Savagery and Barbarism but only ventures as far as the transition into Civilization. The terms Savagery and Barbarism as used by Morgan were meant to be objective and not terms of derision or disparagement as they might be assumed to be then or now. The Pairing Family, first indications of pairing are found in families where the husband has one primary wife. Inbreeding is practically eradicated by the prevention of a marriage between two family members who were even just remotely related, while relationships also start to approach monogamy. Property and economics begin to play a larger part in the family, as a pairing family had responsibility for the ownership of specific goods and property. Polygamy is still common amongst men, but no longer amongst women since their fidelity would ensure the child’s legitimacy. Women have a superior role in the family as keepers of the household and guardians of legitimacy. The pairing family is the form characteristic of the lower stages of barbarism. However, at this point, when the man died his inheritance was still given to his gens, rather than to his offspring. Engels refers to this economic advantage for men coupled with the woman’s lack of rights to lay claim to possessions for herself or her children (who became hers after a separation) as the overthrow of mother-right which was â€Å"the world historical defeat of the female sex†. For Engels, ownership of property created the first significant division between men and women in which the woman was inferior. It develops from the pairing family, as we have already shown, during the time of transition from the middle to the higher stage of barbarism. Its final victory is one of the signs of beginning civilization. It is founded on male supremacy for the pronounced purpose of breeding children of indisputable paternal lineage. The latter is required, because these children shall later on inherit the fortune of their father. The monogamous family is distinguished from the pairing family by the far greater durability of wedlock, which can no longer be dissolved at the pleasure of either party. As a rule, it is only the man who can still dissolve it and cast off his wife.

It is never too late to give up our prejudices

People have always been and always will be prejudiced. There are prejudices of all kinds. Some have prejudices about skin color or religion, others about nationality or sexuality or something else. And other people are prejudiced about everything that they do not consider normal. Henry David Thoreau said: â€Å"It is never too late to give up our prejudices†. And for some people It Is true: they outgrow their prejudices and learn to be more unbiased.Then there are those who retain their prejudices all theirs life. People do not like to admit that they are wrong, so the latter are unfortunately the majority In our world. We can all agree that most prejudices are taught to us by our parents and the environment we grow up In. In the period of Nazism children In Germany and other Nan countries were taught from birth to hate Jews and Gypsies. It was the policy of government and It was dangerous to behave differently. Nowadays the majority of those people's descendants do not have t hese prejudices.They have learnt from their forefathers' mistakes and now are a lot more tolerate. Of course, there are still those who hate people of different nationality in different countries. There are still a lot of hate crimes, in which the victim is targeted because of his or her race, religion, sexuality and so on. While it is true that there are people so bigoted they can never let go of their prejudices, there are others who change theirs views and abandon their prejudiced ways. People are usually biased against things they have no idea about.So for them to let go of these prejudices they must learn about different things, get to know all kinds of people, make friends and try to see things from their point of view. Then they will be able to understand that different does not mean weird or freaky. Normality is overrated anyway. Everybody is deferent in one way or another. We are not robots after all to be the same. To be different, not like everybody else is wonderful. It does not make you a freak. Unfortunately people are afraid of those who are not like them and we usually hate something we fear.There was the UK Klux Klan in the USA. It was a secret organization of White Protestant Americans, mainly in the South, who used violence against Blacks, Jews, and other minority groups. They used to terrorize those they did not like. And these minority groups could very rarely find protection and Justice: if o were Black you had little to no rights. There are a lot films made and books written about this. Now the USA government proclaims tolerance: all people are equal under the law, have the same rights and responsibilities.Things change, people are too. It is the way of life. In my opinion, all people should be equal. We are all human beings at the end of the day. We all can and must learn to be as open- minded as possible. We must learn to live without hate and fear. These feelings nobody ever made happy. Therefore a life with no prejudices Is better th an with them. Our prejudices†. And for some people it is true: they outgrow their prejudices and unfortunately the majority in our world.We can all agree that most prejudices are taught to us by our parents and the environment we grow up in. In the period of Nazism children in Germany and other Nazi countries were taught from birth to hate Jews and Gypsies. It was the policy of government and it was dangerous to behave different in one way or another. We are not robots after all to be the same. To be Unfortunately people are afraid of those who are not like them and we usually hate nobody ever made happy. Therefore a life with no prejudices is better than with

The Crucible Essay Essays - Literature, Creativity, Film

The Crucible Essay Essays - Literature, Creativity, Film The Crucible Essay It is a play with tremendous feelings with many inside twists hidden in the archives of the true story. It is a play with emotional feelings, feelings of anger, hate, evil, manipulation, good, and pureness. It is the The Crucible. In the play, Arthur Miller develops the idea that powerfully held beliefs direct peoples behaviour, Abigail Williams who accuses others to escape from punishment, Mary Warren who chooses to lie to keep herself out of trouble, and John Proctor who chooses to sacrifice his life to save the lives of other innocent people. Arthur Miller develops Abigail Williams as an evil character. She tempts Proctor into lechery, and come its illegal acts which all are against the Puritan religion. To escape punishment for dancing, she deflects the actions and blames them on someone else, and does not care how many lives she destroys. Later when she grows into power and influence, she seems to enjoy sending these innocent people their deaths. She also uses evil actions disguised as good by admitting who was with the devil, She sends her spirit on me in church; she makes me laugh at prayer! (P.44) Obviously the people she accuses are actually innocent, but she has the ability to manipulate Judge Danforth into believing that she is doing the right thing and telling the truth. Mary Warrens intentions at the beginning of the story were to do good and justice. But she sees that when she is in trouble, she also needs someone to deflect the punishment on. This greed results in her saying that John Proctor was associated with Satan, and that he possessed her and made her do all of wrong actions, You are the Devils man! Ill not hang with you! I love God, I love God.(P.118) Her intentions were first good, but then her actions turned into evil, just like Abigail Williams. John Proctor is the protagonist in the play. He is a hero at the end of the play, when he falsely admits that he was with Satan all a long. He then refuses to tell the judge and accuse anyone of being with Satan too like Abigail did. Therefore he may be considered a hero, for dying for a cause of saving the lives of other innocent people. John Proctor also tries to defend his wife, and attempts to make the judge realize how Abigail Williams is manipulating him. In conclusion, Arthur Miller develops the idea that powerfully held beliefs direct peoples behaviour. The forces of good always tried to do what was the best for everybody, even if it meant breaking some Puritan laws. The evil group did whatever was best for themselves. They were greedy, and had no consideration of others. Bibliography english and Social Studies Department

Free Essays on Art, Literature, And Music Of The 1990s

Art, Literature, and Music of 1990’s Society had a great affect on the art, literature, and music of the nineties. When a person who grew up in the nineties looks back on that decade, they remember things such as rap music about sex and drugs. They may remember all of the gang rivalry between rappers, and the murders that resulted. They may recall Beverly Hills 90210, and how it was cool and sexy to wear daisy dukes and shirts that showed off the belly. As far as fashion went in the nineties, tight jeans, mini skirts, and short shorts were all the craze. It seemed to be that the shorter and tighter, the hotter you were. If you preferred a more comfortable look, you could throw on a pair of â€Å"Guess?† jeans, a flannel shirt and a pair of Birkenstocks. Girls in the nineties seemed to think that a cute baby doll dress went great with a pair of Doc Martens and their new Jennifer Aniston haircut. You could never leave the house without adding those accessories to your already great outfit! Berets, bandanas, or baby barrettes completed any outfit. For guys it was shorts way below their waistline (of course with their boxer shorts hanging out for all to see!), baggy shirts, and their chain wallets. Society had a great effect on what everyone wore in the nineties. Everyone wore what they saw in the magazines and stores because they wanted to fit in. Most people will wear whatever it is that everyone around them is wearing so that they feel accepted. Body piercing became real popular in the nineties, also. From tongues to belly buttons and noses. The more piercings and tattoos one had, the cooler they became. Body piercing and tattoos, which were looked upon by the teenagers as a great form of art, was becoming an everyday argument between parents and their children! In the nineties, there was an increase in books written on terrorism. More movies that accompanied the books on the subject followed. Some people b... Free Essays on Art, Literature, And Music Of The 1990's Free Essays on Art, Literature, And Music Of The 1990's Art, Literature, and Music of 1990’s Society had a great affect on the art, literature, and music of the nineties. When a person who grew up in the nineties looks back on that decade, they remember things such as rap music about sex and drugs. They may remember all of the gang rivalry between rappers, and the murders that resulted. They may recall Beverly Hills 90210, and how it was cool and sexy to wear daisy dukes and shirts that showed off the belly. As far as fashion went in the nineties, tight jeans, mini skirts, and short shorts were all the craze. It seemed to be that the shorter and tighter, the hotter you were. If you preferred a more comfortable look, you could throw on a pair of â€Å"Guess?† jeans, a flannel shirt and a pair of Birkenstocks. Girls in the nineties seemed to think that a cute baby doll dress went great with a pair of Doc Martens and their new Jennifer Aniston haircut. You could never leave the house without adding those accessories to your already great outfit! Berets, bandanas, or baby barrettes completed any outfit. For guys it was shorts way below their waistline (of course with their boxer shorts hanging out for all to see!), baggy shirts, and their chain wallets. Society had a great effect on what everyone wore in the nineties. Everyone wore what they saw in the magazines and stores because they wanted to fit in. Most people will wear whatever it is that everyone around them is wearing so that they feel accepted. Body piercing became real popular in the nineties, also. From tongues to belly buttons and noses. The more piercings and tattoos one had, the cooler they became. Body piercing and tattoos, which were looked upon by the teenagers as a great form of art, was becoming an everyday argument between parents and their children! In the nineties, there was an increase in books written on terrorism. More movies that accompanied the books on the subject followed. Some people b...

Hermes, God of the Word

Hermes, God of the Word Hermes, God of the Word Hermes, God of the Word By Maeve Maddox In Greek myth Hermes [hà »rmÄ“z], son of Zeus [zÃ… «s] and Maia [mÄ Ã‰â„¢, mÄ «Ã‰â„¢], was not just the patron god of thieves, merchants, and boundaries. He was also a god of science, art, speech, eloquence, and writing. Hermesson of Zeus and Maia, which is, of mind and sense. For the word is engendered from mind and sense. On account of this they also make him winged, as if to be swift. For nothing is swifter than a word. And [that is why] Homer [says] winged words. Suidas [syÃ… «Ã„ ­dÉ™s], Greek lexicographer. Hermes and the goddess Aphrodite [ÄÆ'frÉ™dÄ «tÄ“] had a son whose name is a combination of theirs: Hermaphroditos [hÉ™r-mÄÆ'frÉ™-dÄ «tÉ™s]. According to Ovid in his Metamorphoses, this son of Hermes was attacked and raped by an unconventional naiad (female nature spirit) named Salmacis. The attackers prayer that they not be parted resulted in the permanent fusion of their two bodies. Most of the stories in Metamorphoses[mÄ•tÉ™-mà ´rfÃ… -sÄ“z] are retellings of traditional tales, but Ovid probably made up the story about Salmacis [sÄÆ'l-mÄ sÄ ­s]. Another name for Hermes, or a perhaps a god derived from him, is Hermes Trismegistus[trÄ ­smÉ™-jÄ ­stÉ™s, trÄ ­z-] Hermes Thrice-blessed. This concept of Hermes was a combination of the Greek god and Thoth [thÃ… th, tÃ… t], the Egyptian god of wisdom. Various magical and alchemical writings came to be associated with Hermes Trismegistus who, it was believed, invented a magic seal to keep air out of vessels containing magical compounds. We owe several English words to Hermes: herm [hà »rm] a four-sided pillar used to mark boundaries. Sometimes it was surmounted by the head of the god. hermetic [hÉ™r-mÄ•tÄ ­k] an adjective meaning airtight or impervious to outside influences. The adverb is hermetically. The word is used both literally and figuratively: The scientist closed the flask with a hermetic seal. The survivalist compound was a a hermetic community, insulated from the world at large. hermeneutic [hà »rmÉ™-nÃ… «tÄ ­k] from Greek words meaning interpreter and to interpret. A hermeneutic approach to literature would seek meaning according to methodological principles of interpretation and explanation. hermeneutics [hà »rmÉ™-nÃ… «tÄ ­ks] from the same source as hermeneutic, deriving ultimately from Hermes in his capacity of patron of speech, writing, and eloquence. Hermeneutics is the methodological study of the Bible according to certain established principles of interpretation. Hermione [hÉ™rmÄ «Ã‰â„¢nÄ“] the feminine form of the name Hermes. hermaphrodite [hÉ™r-mÄÆ'frÉ™-dÄ «t] one sense of the word is an abnormal human being who combines male and female reproductive organs in the same body. In science, hermaphrodites are plants or animals for which it is normal for both male and female reproductive parts to exist on the same individual. By extension, hermaphrodite may be applied to inanimate objects that combines disparate parts, for example, a hermaphrodite brig. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersBail Out vs. Bale Out

Egyptian architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Egyptian architecture - Research Paper Example A deep delineation and an in-depth analysis of the structural study of the great pyramids, monuments, temples and tombs remaining along with little domestic structure shall focus considerable light on the pertinent characteristics inherent in the Egyptian architecture. The most potent characteristics of the Egyptian architecture were its consistent nature. With very little scope of variation or alteration, the set designs and forms were repeated in the designs of almost all the periods. As regards to the building materials of the structure, one can notice the use of sun-baked mud bricks and use of plenty of stones specially sandstone, granites and limestone in all the architectures. This was because of scanty availability of wood. The architecture comprises symmetry; walls are generally thick and are generally not broken due to fenestration. The use of rectangular shapes is very prominent in the form of architecture and the walls are highlighted with colorful decorations upholding walls and columns. The visual metaphors are very strong displaying hierarchy and power game prevalent in the society. Motifs of the Egyptian architectural detail comprise Egyptian ornaments of spiral, papyrus and circles. Tomb structures are very common in the Egyptian architecture and the cut temples where various religious ceremonies and rituals were held is their traditional form of building structures commonly found (Arnold 2-203). Egyptians had generally constructed three types of tombs. Among them, Mastabas or the funerary mounds and the Pyramids constructed during the initial period of the 4th dynasty are the iconic symbol of Egypt captivating within them the mummies of the great kings symbolizing eternal power and divinity (Harwood, May and Sherman 1-210). There is no end to the study of the architecture of Egypt, like the mummy of the Tutankhamen or the pyramids, their motif, structure and most importantly use of science and comprehension of geometry at that

Genetic Screening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetic Screening - Essay Example Genetic testing does not reveal if you have a disease. It can only show that you are predisposed to getting an ailment. Barring a worker because they may one day develop a fatal disease is like throwing someone in jail because they may someday steal a car. There is no certainty that the disease will ever develop just as there is no way to profile who may become a thief. According to the American Medical Association (AMA), "Genetic tests alone do not have sufficient predictive value to be relied upon..." ("Genetic Testing"). Our limited knowledge of the complex interactions of numerous genes and our environment makes this new science little more than guesswork. If employers begin guessing who may have a genetic marker for a physical ailment, it won't be long before they look at brain scans for a predisposition of a personality trait. Medical ethics would dictate that, "Genetic privacy, like medical privacy in general, involves notions of the dignity and integrity of the individual" (Bereano).

Make one up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Make one up - Essay Example Religion has turned out to be one of the most influential parties in the issue of abortion. The laws of the land cannot also be ignored as they try to harmonize social issues and accommodate or reject abortion. On the same note, the pagans’ say on the matter has as well counted. All these aspects combined make abortion a complex issue across all known divides. The most important aspect in this case, however, is what the Goddess says about abortion. The Goddess holds abortion as one of the many forms of sacrifice. In this case, sacrifice practices are seen as a way of choosing between life and death. Most importantly, sacrifices are important to the Goddess. The more sacrifices humans make to the Goddess, the happier and satisfied she becomes. Those who sacrifice are also viewed as persons who can make essential decisions in life. The Goddess accepts sacrifices of many forms, and those made through abortion are just part of the sacrifice system. Abortion is all about love. Women who engage in abortion make sacrifices to the Goddess. This is a sign of love to the Goddess. On the other hand, women abort for varied reasons, all of which seem to conform to the Goddess’s system of taking sacrifices. In doing so, these women show their love in the death of the fetus. They have predetermined reasons to do so, a phenomenon that is held to be better for the unborn. As a result, abortion in this case becomes a way of expressing love to the unborn by women who abort. While religion would not hold any of the above to be the truth, the religion of the Goddess holds that some religions do not do women any good. This is evidenced by â€Å"the militant wing that identified patriarchal religion as the root of the problem of women subordination† (Stewart 280). The Goddess upholds the freedoms and rights of women, thereby countering the problem of subordination of women that is said to exist in patriarchal religion. Expression of love to

G&D's own Ice cream cafe in Oxford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

G&D's own Ice cream cafe in Oxford - Essay Example Both these new outlets have also been able to gather the kind of popularity as the popular outlet.    It all started with an idea from George Stroup, who was himself a student of the Oxford University. The motivation to set up such a shop came from his own observations that in 1990 there were no quality ice cream parlors in and around Oxford, where people can get value for money products. Thus he sensed a business opportunity in providing quality ice creams at reasonable prices. He also believed that people should enjoy their food in a congenial atmosphere along with decent service provided by the staff. It was decided that in order to provide quality products to the customers, the ice cream should be manufactured indigenously. To transform the idea into actual work, supplies were arranged from the local suppliers and machines were ordered to suit the specific needs.   G&D has set up in house production facilities for all its products. This helps in maintaining the quality and taste of merchandise and to live up to the customer’s expectations. After significant increase in the business, G&D’s has shifted the production unit of baked goods to the George and Denver shop in 2002, while the ice cream production facility remained at the original George and Davis on the Little Clarendon street. Company’s focus was always on delivering quality and tasteful flavors to the customers. Hence the production unit keeps on experimenting with the ice cream recipes to churn out new and innovative flavors. Use of any kind of artificial flavors and preservatives are strictly avoided and stress is put on using only the best quality natural ingredients (like the jersey cream) available in the market. Added to this is the â€Å"slow turn, quick freeze† technique (G & D’s, n.d.), unique to G&D’s, which results in richer product s of superior quality. Hence, it is not without reason that just after two months of setting up the operations,

Russian Realism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Russian Realism - Coursework Example o non-influential parts of radical educational institutions generates diverse generations for radicalized youth that makes reconciliation more difficult to attain. The vicious cycle surrounding natural recourses is only broken with massive political reforms in which oil regimes of Russian energy industry resist. Russia ranks as one of the leading natural gas suppliers in the world. The country has been in close competition with the U.S. as top leading producer of energy in terms of oil. Russia holds one formidable position for energy exportation. The aspect of statutory intervention of European Union as well as former Soviet Union narrows as major Russian energy importers. Such media coverage for the ‘gas crisis’ can be highlighted to be an incremental growth for energy security politicization in the region as well as global politics. On the other hand, the establishment of Europe’s access of reliable and relatively cheaper energy supplies together with Russian adventurism presents a major threat to continued reliance for hydrocarbons while establishing international energy security future. The growth of Russia’s international prominence has an inextricable link to the available natural energy resources. The broader price increases for oil and gas from the mid-200 0s has placed Russia as an influential component of global politics while negotiating positions of financial collapse. The recent decades have marked successive economic growth years. Growth in demand allows for Russian energy prospects to be a bargaining chip and placing the country’s position top OPEC countries and Middle East. The regions are marked by continuous conflicts that undermine supply’s reliability. Europe is mostly dependent on Russia to gain up to 40 percent of gas while 33% of the oil supplies continue increasing based on expectations. On the other hand, China approximately imports up to 10 percent of gas from northern neighbors. The national and energy security problems

Comparative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Comparative - Essay Example The president, George W. Bush says the hatred is because of America’s greatness. This greatness brings forth rage especially for the countries that cannot get freedom. The other opinion is from a minority group who think America is hated because of its support for some regimes especially in Middle East which can be repressive. According to America’s democracy, some of these ideals are not really acceptable. Wade thinks that America looks at the inward such that even the spending of money is much far than other countries like India. The emergence of original and more so unique cultures in America leads to celebration of individuals at community’s expense. Examples of these are human affairs innovations and the sociological event of atom splitting (Wades, p247). The United States people are quite unwilling to know or rather learn anything outside their borders. The difference in classes has led to emergence of groups such as al-Qaeda of Osama bin laden. Wade thinks al-Qaeda forms due to rich as well as poor differences. For example the leader Osama may be rich but fellow al-Qaeda may not be. The culture of America is much modernized, but for most uncivilized people especially from Africa, some of the things seem mean as they view from televisions’ programs. They conclude that that’s how the American people. Another example is where the people in the Middle East believe America’s values are questionable. ... It is not clear however, what happens to these children as they turn into young adults or thereafter leading to low leaving standards. In Kenya, most youths after getting some literacy end up unemployed and thus dwell in slums in Nairobi and some hate their ancestral lifestyles. Throughout the world, people forget the old and traditions but the fact is that they have to struggle to survive. According to anthropology, people and cultures that are under stress bring forth ideologies which are strange or weird and unexpected. For example, the case of Boxers of China who beheaded and murdered missionaries and displayed these heads as well (Wade, p249). Wade on page 250 also says al-Qaeda does not have full Muslim faith and so is partly Muslim, partly not. A sociologist from Harvard Daniel Bell wrote that the state of the nation is too small compared to the world’s big problems yet too big for the world’s small problems. Modernization has led to changing in the cultures; eve n languages are not taught to the children. He also thinks that the past may end up defining the future and its culture. He gives the example of Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination that took place in 1914. This incidence may turn out to define the fate of two different worlds in even 100 years to come. As a conclusion, Wade strongly points out that there must be aspiration to a new type of pluralism spirit which must be an international one. True democracy according to Wade, is supposed to be globally available, so that several cultures which are unique whether they are small or large, have the right to be in existence. Interdependent declaration moreover, must also be global in its existence as it is very essential for survival of

Russian Realism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Russian Realism - Coursework Example o non-influential parts of radical educational institutions generates diverse generations for radicalized youth that makes reconciliation more difficult to attain. The vicious cycle surrounding natural recourses is only broken with massive political reforms in which oil regimes of Russian energy industry resist. Russia ranks as one of the leading natural gas suppliers in the world. The country has been in close competition with the U.S. as top leading producer of energy in terms of oil. Russia holds one formidable position for energy exportation. The aspect of statutory intervention of European Union as well as former Soviet Union narrows as major Russian energy importers. Such media coverage for the ‘gas crisis’ can be highlighted to be an incremental growth for energy security politicization in the region as well as global politics. On the other hand, the establishment of Europe’s access of reliable and relatively cheaper energy supplies together with Russian adventurism presents a major threat to continued reliance for hydrocarbons while establishing international energy security future. The growth of Russia’s international prominence has an inextricable link to the available natural energy resources. The broader price increases for oil and gas from the mid-200 0s has placed Russia as an influential component of global politics while negotiating positions of financial collapse. The recent decades have marked successive economic growth years. Growth in demand allows for Russian energy prospects to be a bargaining chip and placing the country’s position top OPEC countries and Middle East. The regions are marked by continuous conflicts that undermine supply’s reliability. Europe is mostly dependent on Russia to gain up to 40 percent of gas while 33% of the oil supplies continue increasing based on expectations. On the other hand, China approximately imports up to 10 percent of gas from northern neighbors. The national and energy security problems

Quantum Phenomena Essay Example for Free

Quantum Phenomena Essay Quantum theory (including subfields such as quantum mechanics and quantum electro and thermo dynamics) is at least to say, is a relatively new field of physics, having been born just over a century ago. It can be described as one of the most powerful theory ever to be proposed in the history of physics, even today our knowledge on this subject is regularly updated with new ideas and as we progress further into this subject we begin to discover basically, the many secrets of our universe. In the early 1900s, mankind had basically been able to answer nearly all of the questions concerning physics with the knowledge gained from giants such as Newton. However 10% were unanswerable, they simply could not figure out what was going on and why certain things did not obey rules set down by classical physics. In order to overcome this problem, scientists had to propose some new radical ideas regarding the relationship between matter and energy. Surprisingly a selection of these many dreamt up ideas worked and so quantum theory was born. As said by one of the forefathers of this theory, Erwin Schri dinger (famous for his thought experiment), I do not like it, and I am sorry I ever had anything to do with it. One from the Great Dane, Niels Bohr, Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it. And lastly one from the Richard Feynman, I think it is safe to say that no one can understand quantum mechanics. Generally quantum phenomena can only be observed in atomic and sub-atomic scale, it is rare to see such observations on a large scale. Of the various interpretations of quantum theory that have been proposed, most physicists accept the Copenhagen Interpretation, however this does not mean it does not have any faults or lead to any paradoxes. This brings us onto Schri dingers cat, a thought experiment which criticises the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics, stating that the interpretation would just collapse when applied to objects on a large scale, in his case, a feline mammal. If atoms can exist in a state of superposition then is it reasonable to say that larger bulkier objects can since it is also made from atoms? He points of that such as theory would state that a cat can be dead and alive at the same time, which seems impossible. Now we introduce the observer effect, which makes this problem a little bit disturbing, many have talked about the act of measurement as the moment that causes the collapse of superposition, leading to an outcome. Furthermore some scientists even believe that human consciousness is necessary to trigger the collapse, resulting in questions about the roles of consciousness in our universe. For example, if we turn our back on an object, does that object even exist anymore; was it just a part of our imagination, a virtual reality? However, we are not here to discuss about such philosophical subjects, as I mentioned before, there are some special cases where certain objects can be seen with ones naked eyes obeying the rules governed by quantum theory. Once such example is the rather strange state of matter, BEC or Bose-Einstein Condensates, named after the two people who predicted the existence of such matter. It is regarded as an example of a superfluid, we will talk more about those later. The basic formation of a superfluid involves cooling down a sample such as helium gas (helium IV) just above -217oC or 2. 17K to form helium II. Note that the temperature required for such a formation is just above absolute zero, 0K or 217. 15oC. Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature in which particles have a minimum energy. However at these conditions we can observe odd and strange phenomena that are governed by the rules of quantum mechanics. To cut a rather long story short, when helium IV is cooled down to such a low temperature, every single atom will occupy the lowest energy level resulting in a very strange state of matter due to the fact that every single atom will be identical. The Indian theoretical physicists Satyendra Nath Bose in the 1920s, whilst studying the new idea of light being made from discrete packets (now we know as quanta or photons), proposed some rules which decided whether two photon should be treated as the same particle or differently. This is now known as Bose-Einstein Statistics. Einstein had several roles to play in the events leading up to the proposition of the existence of BEC. Firstly he used his influence to allow Boses papers to be published in certain journals. Secondly but also most importantly, he used Boses rule in the context of atoms, seeing that photons and atoms are relatively the same thing. When these rules were applied to atoms in gases, for most temperatures, the behaviour according to him was pretty much the same as Boses prediction. However when it was applied in near absolute temperatures, near 0K, strange phenomena were predicted to happen. So puzzled was Einstein that he himself was unsure if his predictions and calculations were correct. Both scientists were unable to live long enough to observe the production of BEC, although superfluids were able to be made, it was not until 1995 when the worlds first condensate was made. Made by Eric Cornell and Carl Weiman, both of whom with Wolfgang Kettle, won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for their works on condensates. In order to achieve this feat, they had to cool a gas of rubidium atoms to 170 nanokelvin, equivalent to -273. 14999983oC. Also it should be noted that BEC can only be called a true BEC when bosons, particles that carry a force, are supercooled, otherwise when other particles are used, the BEC can also be called a super atom (due to the fact that all the atoms are identical thus losing their individuality, all forming a single blob). As I have mentioned earlier, BEC can be considered as a superfluid. One very special example of a superfluid is helium II. The boiling point of helium gas was found out to be 4K, therefore when cooled, helium I (normal liquid helium) can be seen boiling and bubbling away. However as the temperaure moves towards absolute zero, 0K, we notice a change in properties. As it nearly approaches 2K, all movement stops, and the helium becomes very still. At approximately 2. 17K, helium I becomes helium II, a superfluid. This point is known as the lambda point due to the shape of the above graph, which looks similar to the greek letter lambda (? ). Here the helium I show some remarkable properties, such as at this point, the viscosity or treacliness of helium duudenly drops by a factor of a million, soon becoming zero. It also has zero entrophy, the measure of randomness of molecules in a system, and infinite thermoconductivity. It can perform two strange feats which can actually be seen with the naked eyes. One is when a beaker is lowered onto a container of helium II and then partially withdrawn, a thin film of helium II (a single atom thick) will form over the entire surface of the beaker. Then depending on the level of helium inside and outside the beaker, it will try and flow into the beaker until both levels are equal. A similar behaviour can be observed when a beaker of heium II is withdrawn completely from a bath of the same substance, it will creep up the sides of a container and try to debeaker itself via flowing over the top of the beaker and down the sides until it combines to form a drop of liquid at the bottom of the beaker, dripping back into the bath. Apparently in both cases, it is an example of the heliums futile attempt to reduce its own energy level, which is theoritically already at its lowest. The other feat I wish to mention is known as the fountain effect or the thermomechanical effect. If a capillary tube is placed in a bath of helium II and then heated, it will cause the liquid to flow up the tube, thus forming a fountain. It actually takes only a small amount of thermal energy to cause this effect, even radiation from visible light is enough to heat it up. One interesting application of superfluid was to trap and slow down the speed of light. In one experiment, performed by Lene Hau of Harvard, the speed of light was managed to be reduced to only 17 metres per second and momentarily stopped via the use of superfluids. Another phenomenon which occurs near absolute zero temperature is the existence of superconductors. This only happens with certain materials, characterized by zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of a magnetic field. Superconductivity can occur in a variety of materials such as simple elements (e. g. tin and aluminium), metallic alloys and some semiconductors. However it cannot occur in noble metals and most ferromagnetic materials. There are two types of superconductor, Type I (conventional superconductors), materials that only exhibits superconductivity at near absolute zero conditions. Secondly in 1986, there was the discovery of high temperature superconductors (Type II). This allows certain materials to undergo superconductivity at a higher temperature than conventional type I, around 77K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. The picture below shows a magnet levitating above a Type II superconductor; this is due to the fact that the superconductor can exclude the magnetic field of the magnet, resulting in the formation of an electromagnet that repels the magnet. The basic principles of superconductors can be explained by the visualization of electrical current as a sea of electrons, basically a fluid, which moves across an ionic lattice. Electrical resistance is caused by collisions between the ions and the electrons in the fluid. However, in superconductors, instead of a fluid scattered with individual electrons, it is filled with bound pairs of electrons, known as Cooper pairs. Quantum theory dictates that this fluid becomes a superfluid, resulting in a change in property, such as it cannot exhibit electrical resistance. The characteristics of superconductivity only appears when the termperature of the material is cooled below its critical temperature (Tc), generally Type I temperatures range from 20K to 1K. The graph below shows the relationship between temperature and resistivity of a material, we can see it must be a Type II superconductor due to its relatively high critical temperature.

Ultimate Poverty Reduction Strategy Social Policy Essay

Ultimate Poverty Reduction Strategy Social Policy Essay A dynamic, growing global economy is the ultimate poverty reduction strategy (Colin Powell, July 2001). Discuss this assertion in the light of economic development in India and by reflecting on development theory and thinkers to inform analysis. The assertion of A dynamic, growing global economy is the ultimate poverty reduction strategy (Colin Powell, July 2001) has long been a controversial topic across the world. Truly, the economic growth is an essential implement to reducing poverty as Rodrik (2007) said Growth is the most powerful instrument for reducing poverty. The evidences, on the other hand, have been expressed the serious doubt that million of people are still living in poverty condition[1] which has intensively questioned whether the economic growth is really guaranteed poverty reduction for everyone. This essay carefully aims to focus on India economic growth and examines the development theory which has been applied as a tool behind its spectacular growth nowadays, called Liberalization. This is particularly concerned the period when India economic transformed from strict economic as Protectionism to Trade liberalization. Furthermore, it also attempts to focus on the impact of economic growth on poverty reduct ion in India in order to criticize the assertion above. At the last stage, I will focus on the meaning of poverty and argue in this essay on whether the economic growth data such as GDP, which is normally used to describe the economic growth situation, is actually be the right tool for the poverty reduction or not. India Economic Development First of all, the speed of economic growth in India at the present period has emerged as one of the fastest growing major economies along with China.[2] For a better understanding on India economic development, it is necessary to understand its background because based on historical of India in particular economy section, it has long evolution in itself. Focusing on long term period, India has undergone four steps of growth. During the colonial period, under the British rule, the overall record of economic performance was pretty dreadful. Per capita economic growth during the period 1870 to independence in 1947 was only 0.2% per year. Later, Nehru became the first prime minister; a strategy of democratic socialism was applied resulted in Protectionism which was highlighted on import substitution, business regulation, state intervention and central planning in 1947- 1970. In addition, there was a strong state control and licenses were strongly needed for everything as well as bank acc ount, money transfer and foreign investment all were required licenses. Obviously, there was a sluggish growth from both time under British Raj and Nehrus License Raj. However, there was a faster growth in 1970-1991 due to Green revolution which introduced new high-yield crop technology caused of income rising but economic growth was relatively slow in general (Sachs, 2005). It had become clear that that the states ambition of pushing the country into the front rank of the developing world had fallen far of its target, with seemingly few prospects of changing in the near future (Chibber, 2006, p.3). There are many critiques against India government due to powerless economic which was seemed to be the major obstacle of country development. Consequently, in the late 1980s, Rajiv Gandhi introduced market reform that encouraged the growth. Reform policy mainly emphasized on opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, tax reforms and privatization. The high growth remai ned with market liberalization since 1990s (Sachs, 2005). The 1990s have witnessed a turning significant change which was particular after the deregulation and liberalization programmes that launched during the mid 1980s and early 1990s (Arup, 2008, p.1057). Accordingly, India has become one of the worlds fastest growing economies with average growth rates of 9% over the past four years[3]. The impact of economic growth: Is it really reduce poverty? Having been mentioned above, it seems that this is a pleasant period for India in term of dramatic growth rate in comparison to others which is believed to be a powerful mean to reduce poverty. Theoretically, the economic growth appears to be ultimate poverty reduction strategy as the assertion above. Arup (2008, p.1067) also noted that the inter-relation between economic growth and poverty reduction is the growth process contributes to generate employment opportunities. The unemployment rate in India has reduced consistently from 9.5% in 2004 to 6.80% in 2009.[4] Beside, growth in high skill activities could increase the demand for goods and services which are involved to labour from poor household. Additionally, it can be noticed from the graph above that poverty in India has been declining continuously and significantly in term of percentage in urban, rural and overall aspect, from 1977 2007.[6] This economic data reports that the amount of people living below poverty has been reduced from 51.8% in 1997 to only 19.8% in 2007. India success at GDP growth rate and percentage of poverty declined are to be admired. This growth number, however, has to be watched in proper perspective (Kohli, 2006). Undoubtedly, the question has remained whether the poverty reduction counts only on the price or not. Thirlwall (cited in Vandana and Robert, 2002) noted that although people living standard is usually measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP)[7], the economic growth is not the same as economic development. Obviously, growth is an essential condition for nation economic and social development but it is not sufficient condition to identify poverty condition as the growth rate of nations cannot be taken alone as a well-being of societies because the quality standard of living is much more comprehensive concept than focusing only on income level. Disparity in India Basically, the Gini coefficient figures are used to measure of income or wealth distribution. A high Gini coefficient indicates more unequal income or wealth distribution, meanwhile a low Gini coefficient indicates more equal distribution.[8] Surprisingly, although the India economic growth rate such as GDP, income per capita or unemployment rate seemed to increase annually which is mentioned earlier, it can be noticed from the Gini coefficient graph above that after 1990s ,when was the period of Liberalization began, the continuing disparities both in rural and urban has been higher. This can be implies that the gap between people has been wider which means higher disparities as well as even the poverty line in urban shows the impressive decrease but the inequality in urban has also increased. Therefore, class system and economic disparities among India have to be strongly concerned. Which group received the benefit from the economic growth is still questionable. The important point that really needs to be noted is the ratio of inequality is most likely leads to the problem such as, shelter, water, sanitation, health, education, social security and livelihoods along with the special needs of vulnerable group like women, children and elderly people (UNDP, 2009, P.1). Growing in GDP probably tell nothing in reducing poverty if life still has not met the basic needs. Does economic growth fight poverty? In order to be able to know how to reduce poverty or what the exact strategy of eliminating poverty is, it is significantly important to understand the meaning of poverty itself. The World Bank gives an overview of poverty as follow; Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time. Poverty is losing a child to illness brought about by unclean water. Poverty is powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom. (The World Bank, 2009) Clearly, poverty is not count only income or economic resource because poverty involved not only in economic aspect but also social and politic as well. Literacy and education level, fertility rate, life expectancy and health are the essential factor to be told the poverty condition. As Gaurav(2002, p.105) says, the need to combine human development with economic has been well recognized in discussions of policies for fighting poverty. India will require more than economic reform but human development should be included. By doing both of economic and human development can taken India along way from poverty finally. Therefore, Human Development Index, which consists of literacy, education level, life expectancy and per capita income, also should be used to measure the quantity of life. According to the UNDP report (2005) India has an average HDI of 0.63 (medium) and ranks 127 in the world, India high GDP growth contrasts with the poor human development which indicates a failure at the social front. The success in literacy, health and gender equality is far from impressive. Additionally, some thinkers believe that addressing on only economic growth probably is not enough factors to claim as it is a sufficient reason to reduce poverty according to poverty can be valued in various ways. According to UNDP since 1997, the per capita income does not make sense because the world should speak of human poverty instead of income poverty. Not only income, the UNDP also takes the following aspects including, Chance of self determination, Health and expectancy of life, Possibilities of obtaining an education, Political freedom, Human rights and Human dignity and self-respect into consideration (Friedel Hutz-Adams, 2006, p.20). Moreover, UN-Human Development Report (1990) argues the expansion of the economy as measured by GDP per capita does not necessary mean that people are in better living particularly, in regards to health, education and freedom. Goulet (1971) suggests that life sustenance[9], self-esteem[10] and freedom[11] should be regarded as an important basic component for the true meaning of development. Moreover, Sen (1999) also noticed closely related to Goulet that economic growth like GDP should not be evaluated alone for the reason which meaning of achievement is much more wider which should include economic and social development. Beside, poverty in his view is lacking of possibilities of self-realization which refers to income, provision of basic needs and possibilities to access to available resources are very crucial. To conclude, I have to argue Colin Powell statement. I personally believe that it is impossible to measure poverty reduction by focusing on economic development alone. Similarly to when talking about development, it is unfeasible to state on economic, politic or social development alone. Nevertheless, all these factors are essentially need to compromise together in order to achieve the actual development which lastly leads to poverty reduction in the meaning mentioned here which does not focused on being rich and poor only. Economic growth data such as GDP or income per capita do not really tell the truth of better standard of living. Since Poverty reduction meaning has more complex dimensions, other factors are strongly need to be counted. For example, in term of politic, people participation and decentralization are the key point of people freedom and ability to decide what they exactly want. The suitable programme or policies then will be issued properly for them to pursue their l ives better. Beside, social development regards various issues such as gender, equality, education, health and social disparity etc., these issues again require to be provided equally because this is the condition for better living. It can be seen from India that even economic growth rapidly but the social disparities also increase. Other evidences have been shown continuously that some social, politic and human composite indexes go contrast to the economic rate which resulted in nation development difficulties mainly is poverty. Lastly, as the poverty here is defined in term of sociology, politically and economically dimension, the word growth from now on should be talk in term of quality rather than quantity. References: ARUP MITRA, J. P. S. (2008) Growth and poverty in India: emerging dimensions of the tertiary sector. The service Industries 28, 1055-1076. CHANG, H.-J. (2002) Kicking Away the Ladder:The Real History of Free Trade, Anthem, London. CHIBBER, V. (2006) Locked in Place: State- Building and Late Industrialization in India, Oxfordshire, Princeton University Press. EASTERLY, W. (2006) The White Mans Burden: Why the wests efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good, Oxford, Oxford University Press. FIELDS, G. S. (1980) Poverty, Inequality, and Development, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. FRIEDEL HÃ ¼TZ-ADAMS, R. H., PEDRO MORAZÃ ¡N, ULRIKE LOHR; HARALD ROHR (2006) Does Economic Growth Reduce Poverty? Poverty Reduction and Social Equity in the Age of Globalization. Structural Violence in the Relationships between North and South, 7, 69. GAURAV DATT, M. R. (2002) Is Indias Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 89-108. GOULET, D. (1971) The Cruel Choice: A new Concept on the Theory of Development, New York, Atheneum. KOHLI, A. (2006) Politics of Economic Growth in India, 1980-2005, Part II: The 1990s and Beyond. Economic and Political Weekly, 1361-1370. KRUIJER, G. J. (1987) Development through Liberation: Third World Problems and Solutions, London, MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD. MCKINLEY, T. (2001) Macroeconomic Policy, Growth and Poverty Reduction, London, PALGRAVE. MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION, UNDP. (2009) INDIA: Urban Poverty Report 2009. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). RODRIK, D. (2007) One economics, many recipes: globalization, institutions, and economic growth Princeton, N.J. ; Oxford : Princeton University Press. SACHS, J. (2005) The End of Poverty; how we can make it happen in our lifetime, London, The Penguin Group. SCHIMTZ, H. (2007) The Rise of the East: What does it mean for Development Studies? 38, 92-106. SEN, A. (1999) Development as Freedom: Human Capability and Global Need, New York, Knopf. THIRLWALL, A. P. (2002) The Companion to Development Studies, London, Arnold, the Hodder Headline Group. TOYE, J. (1988) Political Economy and the Analysis of Indian Development. Modern Asian Studies, 22, 97-122. United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), Human Development Report (2005, 2009), New York, USA. Almost half the world over 3 billion people lives on less than $2.50 a day. There are 1.4 billions people in the developing world who are living in extreme poverty, of which about 600 million are in South Asia. For more information: The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty (The World Bank Development Research Group, August 2008: http://www-wds.worldbank.org) The economy of India is the twelfth largest economy in the world by market exchange rates. Indias economy in recent years is growing 9.2% in 2007 and 9.6% in 2006 and has seen a decade of 7% growth. (http://www.economywatch.com/indianeconomy/indian-economy-overview.html) India country overview 2009; http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN For more detail, please see http://www.indexmundi.com/india/unemployment_rate.html. http://www.economywatch.com/indianeconomy/poverty-in-india.html The percentage was calculated from people living below poverty line $ 1.00 a day which was based on Indias PPP rate (World Bank.org) This is calculated by the total amount of goods and services produced per head of the population. For more details : http://www.poverty.org.uk/e14/index.shtml Life sustenance is concerned with the provision of basic needs such as housing, clothing, food and education (Goulet, 1971) Self-esteem focuses on the feeling of independence. One country cannot be fully developed where is exploited by others which in this case can be referred to colonization. (Goulet, 1971) Freedom regards to ability to determine own destiny.

A Language Barrier Essay example -- Personal Narrative

A Language Barrier From my experience, bilingual education was a disadvantage during my childhood. At the age of twelve, I was introduced into a bilingual classroom for the first time. The crowded classroom was a combination of seventh and eighth grade Spanish-speaking students, who ranged from the ages of twelve to fifteen. The idea of bilingual education was to help students who weren’t fluent in the English language. The main focus of bilingual education was to teach English and, at the same time, teach a very basic knowledge of the core curriculum subjects: Mathematics, Social Sciences, and Natural Sciences. Unfortunately, bilingual education had academic, psychological, and social disadvantages for me. A disadvantage is something that makes a situation worse or that makes somebody less effective. This is exactly what happened to me when I was part of bilingual education. Instead of learning challenging material, I was presented with material I already had learned when I was younger. English was never spoken in the classroom. Instead, different Spanish accents were heard: Colombian, Puerto Rican, Mexican, among others. I was labeled a â€Å"bilingual kid.† As a result, I couldn’t be part of the â€Å"regular kids’† groups. Therefore, I had to reinforce my family language and traditions instead of assimilating into the American culture. All these situations were disadvantages that played against the development of my education. The academic disadvantage was a delay in learning the English language. The crowded classroom had thirty to thirty-five students who came from a variety of Latin American nations. As a result, I used to speak Spanish with them. I didn’t want to make mistakes using incorrect words. Also... ...ents, and my English problem. I didn’t even have control of my own identity at that point. In the bilingual classroom my education depended upon the teachers and the system. I couldn’t express my viewpoints to faculty members like I do now in college. For instance, in college when I need help in a certain class, I can just go and talk to the professor or even to my counselor. Unfortunately, in grammar school, I didn’t know how to talk about the situation. As a result, in college I have been determined to change my study habits and take back control of my identity because I see how a student cannot survive with inefficient study habits. I realize now that, as a child, I was disadvantaged in many ways. Today, I have to be prepared to do extra to make up for a poor educational background by spending more time studying, focusing on school, and controlling my life.

Fighting Rising College Tuition Costs Essay -- Education Policy

Declining state support, educational race for top rankings, uneven financial aid, or economy downfall: there are reasons all across the board as to why the cost of college tuition is getting out of hand. Envision a senior girl whose heart had been set on her dream college for years. An elite, honorable college where everyone seems to want to go. She has been telling her parents from an early age she was going to one day be a member. While on a visit to the college in late fall of her senior year, she fell in love with the beautiful campus which seemed to spread for miles. The advisers and professors she met with were polite and unquestionably convincing. Her favorite part of the visit was seeing how happy all of the current students seemed to look with their college decision. Overall, she believed she had found her home for the next four years. She went home excited to tell her parents the good news. This is where the excitement soon ended. 35,000 dollars a year was the out rageous sticker price for her dream college. Her parents said there was no way possible they could ever afford to send her. Tears started flooding down her face; her dreams were crushed. Now what was she going to do? Where was she going to go? Although this story has been made up, similar situations like these are arising more and more often. College tuition has reached an all time high; with the economy in its current standings, there needs to be solutions so every young adult has an equal opportunity to go to college. No one disputes the importance of a college education in today’s job market. Society has taken on a much higher demand for the well educated. With this being a growing trend, why does it seem colleges are trying to make gettin... ...ons need to be fulfilled if results are to be seen in the pocketbooks of every young adult looking for an equal opportunity to go to college. Works Cited â€Å"Barack Obama and Joe Biden: Making College Affordable For Everyone.† Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Berman, Talia. â€Å"Student Debt Crisis: Are There Any Solutions?† WireTap. 23 Aug. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Block, Sandra. â€Å"Rising costs make climb to higher education steeper.† USA TODAY. 12 Jan. 2007. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Dickeson, Robert. â€Å"COLLISION COURSE: Rising college costs threaten America’s future and require shared solutions.† Lumina Foundation for Education. 2004. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Ehrenberg, Ronald. â€Å"Tuition Rising: Why College Costs so Much.† Cornell University. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. â€Å"Rising College Costs.† Web. 6 Dec. 2010. â€Å"What is a 529?† Web. 6 Dec. 2010. â€Å"What It Costs to Go to College.† Web. 6 Dec. 2010.

Solution for the Decline of Circulation of Newspaper

Newspapers face stiff competition against other mediums that broadcast news, such as the television, the radio, and the biggest competition, the World Wide Web. With the fast advancement in technology, news no longer needs to be viewed sedentarily. Electronic companies are catering to the fast-paced and busy lifestyles of Americans; therefore, creating devices that are portable and convenient for getting the news. New technology such as tablet PCs, e-book readers, and smart phones are replacing the way we have been receiving the news. However, these new devices cannot replace the worth of owning a hard copy. If the traditional printing of newspaper was to continue, what needs to be done is simply combining technology and printed newspaper as one medium, in doing so, we can also promote free subscriptions to see how much success this idea can go. Newspaper and online resources both have components that are lacking. â€Å"The newspaper industry has changed dramatically and there is no doubt that we’ll continue to see a change in the print of newspaper. But there are some very interesting opportunities that should be focused on and that is: delivering content to readers in the preferred medium, generating new methods of advertising that are more relevant for the consumer and effective for the advertiser, controlling costs for the newspaper publisher. † (Peck) Seeing that the decline in newspaper sales became a popular trend over decades of time, I would like to propose a solution to the problem that would approach news in a different and effective way. This idea would be to embed digital components within the newspaper itself. For example, â€Å"Touch sensitive screens, audio and video players which would be water proof, flexible, shock proof and have a decent quality. † (Mahaptra, Kumar) The idea would be to have newspaper and reader interaction. Touch screens of suitable dimensions with flash memory that would be pre-programmed and stitched into the newspaper. A user would just need to touch the screen to get whatever image is being portrayed. Similarly, embedding an audio player would be programmed to read out a particular news selection. This idea is similar to the movie scenes in the Harry Potter series where an individual is reading a newspaper that portrays content as the layout of pictures change magically. In this case, for my solution would be to interpret the images digitally. This idea is revolutionary and innovative as well as a creative approach to delivering content in the interest of users. This would be the closest way to keep within tradition of the printed newspaper and in turn compensating the demands of the â€Å"fast-paced and busy lifestyles of Americans. â€Å"News needs to be more attuned to readers' personal priorities and this means journalists moving from ‘wide audience, low relevance' stories (i. e. , small earthquake reported in Peru) to ‘low audience, high relevance' stories. A newspaper's service is to aggregate and deliver all the news that a reader should be interested in that day. † (Crosbie) By doing so this service would save readers time making it more plausible i n using this approach. It would save them from searching hundreds or even millions of articles on the world's most recent news. With â€Å"The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, causing a serious decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers close or sharply retrench their operations. † (Mahaptra, Kumar) It is this service that should be provided for which newspaper companies should be able to generate greater revenue and secure larger readership today. The mass customization of newspaper editions relevant to each reader's interests is one of the many solutions necessary for the industry to survive. Technological advancement has been an obstacle for the newspaper industry, but the low circulation rates also arise from the individuals who depend on the new technology. These individuals are use to and love the word â€Å"free†, they don’t think they need to pay for content. â€Å"A solution that ignores this simple fact is destined to fail, regardless of technology, software or widgets. This requires a behavioral change, from both the newspapers and its readers†¦The goal is to change mindsets, alter behavior, and generate revenue in a sustainable way (i. e. , make papers structurally profitable). (Ritholtz) A great approach would be to promote free subscriptions and later charging for continual subscriptions. This method would require registering an account and providing credit card information. By doing so, individuals are allowed access to a bundle of news articles. If not registered, individuals are only able to see a certain amount of content within that ar ticle. This is similar to approach to online essay websites that post other writers' essay, and a purchase is required to see the full essay. However, the primary goal at this point is not to generate revenue, but to get the public used to paying for content. This in urn will give control over cost of newspaper and aid to the decline of newspaper circulation with the help of public media consumers. There are many possible solutions in instigating ways to fix the decline of newspaper circulation. In order for the newspaper industry to thrive, we must consider technology as a new way to cope with the demands of individuals, consider individuals preference for content, and consider that individuals and the industry itself must work together make this change possible. In effect, this will make that difference that can change the way people read news and still keeping to tradition of a printed newspaper.

Anchoring Effect Essay

Introduction In real life, decisions made by individual are easily deviated from the judging criteria, showing the behaviors of bounded rationality. Simon indicated that â€Å"the bounded rationality is a property of an agent or a person who makes decisions that behaves in a manner that is nearly optimal with respect to its goals and resources. (Franco 2009) This is because of, firstly human being have limited discernment and cognitive ability, also human are unable to know everything; secondly the environment is complex, when people face the complicated and uncertainty would, information is not complete due to vast uncertainty choice. Moreover, the rationality cannot play a role because of people are likely influenced by different situations. The report would analyze three concepts which are mental accounting, anchoring effect and conjunction fallacy to help to generate a better understanding of bounded rationality. Anchoring effect: Behavioral economics is on the strength of the science of judgmental heuristics that could be to depend on reflexively by people. According to Furnham that heuristics are characterized as an ‘intuitive, rapid, and automatic system’ which ‘reduce the complex tasks of assessing probabilities and predicting values to simpler judgmental operations’ (Furnham 2010)The anchoring effect is one of the cognitive heuristics. Anchoring effect is a bias which people easily rely on the information of first impression as reference frame when making decisions. The first piece of information or previous information, as an anchor, could affect current performance; that information might be not highly applicable to the information judgment or even irrelevant thought. Also personal attributes and characteristic which are more deemed to an anchor are fixed and constant. The other respondent is a salesman in a Sony store. Last week I went to city Sony store, a customer who looks like a student was looking for a brand new computer. Firstly one shop assistant briefly introduces different type and function of computers, the student expresses a strong purchase intention. Then the shop manager came and provide more detailed introduction of computer’s performance. Finally this student made her choice and started  bargaining. Stalemate in their time, the shop manager said he is going to report to their boss to find out whether she can get more discount. After few minutes he walked up and said that is the lowest price, what they can do is offer her some gifts. The student was very satisfied and made payment. At this point, the computer engineer came when started to install the computer, and told her whether  she needs a protection film to protect the screen, otherwise it is easy to scratch, also keyboard cover etc. The student felt make sense. At the end, she not only purchased computer, but also some accessories. This is typically anchoring effect. Customer would feel sensitive if the shop manager promotes those accessories before they purchase computer, they might increase bargaining power and would not easily pay. However after customer paid for computers, they are willing to accept accessories because they feel accessories is relatively cheap compare to the expensive computer, moreover they do need these accessories. In general, the numbers which initially provide would affect consumers’ answer. Experienced salesman always offer a higher price before bargaining, accordingly a higher anchor exists in people’ mind. Seller fetches higher price even that consumer try to bring the price down. There is another example, which is when a business launches a new product, they will carefully discuss the positioning promotion plan, such as which good shelf the products should be placed in. If a new drink is published and placed beside Coca Cola and Pepsi, consumer would accept its high p rice and visa versa. Anchoring effect is everywhere and inevitable. So how to avoid falling into anchoring effect can help consumer become a better financial planner. Firstly, putting forward an affordable price at the start when negotiation, with the purpose of offering an anchor to the seller. Besides buyer should notice that the loss of could not sell products is much more than the loss of a low price deal for seller. However refusing negotiate is a more wise than bargaining when face an unreasonable high price, it helps consumer to build a hopeful reference standard. Mental Accounting: Mental accounting was proposed by Behavioral Science Professor Richard Thaler, he believes, â€Å"mental accounting is the set of cognitive operations used by individuals and households to organize, evaluate, and keep track of financial activities.† (Thaler 1999)In other words, except financial accounting, there is another managerial accounting exist in people’s mind, which called mental accounting, to influence people to make decision in real life. Consumers usually divide any expenditure and income of equal value into different accounts. For example, we usually put salaries into ‘hard to get rich’ account, regard annual bonus as an added gift, and put a winning lottery into ‘pie-in-the-sky’ account. The money in the ‘hard to get rich’ account is expensed precisely and carefully; for annual bonus, we often have relaxed attitude to treat it, for example, we might go to shopping center to purchase an expensive dress as a gift which are reluctant to spend money to buy at ordinary times. The money in the ‘pie-in-the-sky’ account is the most valueless, imagine that people who win five million dollars would become openhanded and extravagant. This is how  mental accounting works. My friend went to a fashion store and took a fancy to a very beautiful dress, but it costs about $320. She thought it is too expensive and gave up finally. But in her birthday party, her husband bought that dress for the birthday gift. It makes her very happy. In fact, her money and her husband money are the family’s capital, but why she feels different with the same money spending according to different reasons. This study finds that the expenditure of mental accounting can be divided to four parts, which are daily necessities expenditures, home contribution expenditures and personal development expenditures, expenditures of emotional connection and recreational expenditures. According to irreplaceable of mental accounting, $320, as daily necessities expenditures, is too expensive to purchase a dress, however, the husband purchase it as a birthday gift which can be treated as expenditures of emotional connection. This amount of money can improve their relationship, so rewards are priceless. Consequently, people are willing to accept gifts  from their family or friends, but they will not purchase for themselves. According to above example, emotional connection and interpersonal relationship is significantly important for human beings, the investment of emotional for people is much more than other expenditures in everyday life. As a consequence, merchants could use these different festivals such as mother’s day, Christmas etc. to gain bigger sales. For example, a beautiful wrapped chocolate in Saint Valentine’s Day, coupons in Christmas, these special offers is negligible for merchants, but it can attract more consumers’ attention. In usual, most of us could be influenced by mental accounting; we have different attitudes to handle the equivalent value of money, hence different decision comes out. From the point of view of economics, there is no any difference among salary, bonus and lottery, but people make three different decisions when spending them. Conjunction fallacy: Tversky and Kahneman believe that the representativeness heuristic is a means of assessing the probability of an uncertain event or the value of a quantity by comparing it to a mental model (Berendsen 2012) Conjunction fallacy is one of the result that causes by representativeness heuristic, which states the declare that there are two independent events, the probability of both events will happen cannot be higher than the probability than one of the events alone will happen. I made 20 questionnaire surveys and handed into Finc6013 lecture. The question is that ‘the probability of healthy man who have heart disease is higher’ or ‘the probability of healthy men who are over 55 years old and have heart disease is higher’. There are 6 students chosen B and only 14 students chosen A. I was surprised that the result of this question is against the results of Linda problem. People think an event with more materials and details is more likely to happen. In fact it was not the case; every added detail makes things uncertainty. Two events can be happened  independent or conjunction, the probability of conjunction events happened cannot higher than the probability of any independent event occurs. However in reality, people sometimes linked probability and quantity together by mistake when making decision, they consider that there is a higher probability of conjunction events. According to the investigation result above, there are three reasonable defenses for conjunction fallacy. Firstly the representativeness heuristic is identified as the cognitive tools valid for evaluating subjective probabilities. The conjunction fallacy is attributed to the representativeness heuristic. It states that if the probability that the event is included in a classification is decided by how representative the event is of include in this classification. Consequently the conjunction fallacy proceed when the combination events is rated as more representative of the aimed classification than either the event alone. Conjunction fallacy can be occurred both in situation whether heuristic is applicable. Hence conjunction fallacy might have no any relationship with the heuristic. Secondly, there is an argument that informant misconception the investigative mission representatively used to study the phenomenon when investigator is doing survey. However it is undeniable that there is value for the investigation, for example some high quality levels of conjunction fallacies are surveyed, and misinterpretations are appropriately controlled in the survey. Thirdly informants are likely to use an incorrect rule to gibe rise to conjunction fallacy happen when associating the probability of single events. There are some experimental results shows those informants assume the probability of conjunctive events is equal to the weighted average of the probability of event alone. Therefore if the probability of even A is rated to be greater than the probability of event B, but lower than the probability of event C, informants might debate that the probability of conjunction event A and B is lower than the probability of event A, however meanwhile they consider the probability of conjunction event A and C is greater than the probability of A. This is regard as conjunction fallacy effect. The reason is informants use an incorrect rule for combining probability. Conjunction fallacy is increasingly questionable, it is common phenomenon though when people making decision in reality. On the basis of the  characteristics of perceptual selectivity, the characteristics of information are more distinct and stimulation is stronger, people are more sensitive to their perception. Moreover, situational circumstances can influence human’s perception. Because decision making is conducted on the basis of human’s perception, the general and specific information and situational circumstances play a significant role on people’s decision making behaviors. (Nilsson 2010) Conclusion: Although science and technology are advancing, and research measures of human being is always improving, to some extent, mental process stays at hypothetical stage up to now. This report discussed three decision making trap which are mental accounting, anchoring effect and conjunction fallacy. No matter which decision people try to make, it is important that they are supposed to search more information to choose the best alternatives, then they are able to gain experience through every decisions. Reference: Berendsen, A., Hadilich, S. and Amersfoort, J. 2012, Looking at â€Å"Linda†: Is the Conjunction Fallacy Really a Fallacy?, viewed 27 March 2014, Franco, R. 2009, ‘The conjunction fallacy and interference effects’, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 415-422, viewed 30 March 2014,ScienceDirect, Furnham, A. 2010, ‘A literature review of the anchoring effect’, The Journal of Socio-Economics, vol.